Keywords: city branding; urban brand; gateway city; connected city; transit city; connection experience; Dong Nai.

In the context of increasingly intense inter-urban competition, Dong Nai – a strategic gateway to the Southern Key Economic Region – is striving to reposition its urban brand through an integrated governance approach. Possessing the Long Thanh International Airport, an inter-regional transport infrastructure system, industrial parks, and abundant ecological resources, Dong Nai nevertheless faces a challenge: its disparate advantages have yet to be connected into a cohesive urban identity that can attract residents and transform transit passengers into diverse experiences. Research conducted by a group of authors from the Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace) applies the Integrated Implementation City Branding Framework (IICBF) to analyze and propose a multi-experience urban development strategy, transforming Dong Nai from a transit point into an economically, touristically, and culturally attractive destination in the Southern region.

“City branding” – From a communication tool to an urban governance tool

City branding has shifted from a promotional and marketing tool to an urban governance tool. Rather than merely “selling” the city to tourists or investors, city branding today aims to build a long-term identity that both reflects local characteristics and engages internal urban stakeholders. A key point is differentiating city identity – existing attributes, newly built elements, and urban issues – from city image – how the public experiences and perceives the city. The goal is not merely to create a positive image, but to bring perceived image closer to city identity, especially when embedded in the process of solving urban problems.

The Integrated Implementation City Branding Framework (IICBF) provides an iterative governance process, transforming city identity from existing assets and issues into coherent experiences and images. This cycle includes: establishing a dedicated unit; identifying context, bottlenecks, and assets; developing strategy and identity; cross-sectoral integrated implementation; and continuous evaluation and adjustment. Thus, city branding becomes a practical governance tool, coordinating across sectors while creating a continuous feedback loop, helping the city develop synchronously and sustainably.

International experiences and lessons for Dong Nai

Research on modern cities shows that concepts such as gateway city, relational city, hub port city, or logistics hub all emphasize the connecting role of cities within flows of goods, people, knowledge, and capital. These intermediary cities typically combine three elements: multimodal connectivity infrastructure, an intermediary service ecosystem, and an open institutional environment for international trade and investment.

Typical cities such as Dubai, Doha, and Singapore have developed from their intermediary location advantages into connectivity nodes within global economic networks. Dubai became an international logistics and trade hub thanks to Jebel Ali Port, JAFZA Free Trade Zone, its international airport, and an integrated logistics system, combining infrastructure with urban development. Doha transformed from a transport hub into a multi-experience connected city, building Education City, developing its airport network, and new urban projects to integrate knowledge, services, and experiences. Singapore leveraged its strategic position along the Malacca Strait to develop its container port, Changi Airport, and an ecosystem of logistics, trade, and financial services, becoming a regional supply chain coordination center.

Several important lessons for Dong Nai can be drawn from these models. First, gateway infrastructure should be organized as part of the urban experience, not merely serving transportation but also creating value for stopovers, consumption, and services. Second, the city needs to transform its transit function into a destination experience, exploiting transit passenger flows through short-duration service products, culture, and local tourism. Third, urban assets – from forests, lakes, craft villages to cultural spaces – should be organized into continuous experience chains rather than developing in isolation. Finally, the success of a gateway city requires a strong governance structure, cross-sectoral coordination between infrastructure, services, and brand strategy, ensuring synchrony in implementing multi-experience connected urban projects.

For Dong Nai, its central position in the Southern Key Economic Region, the formation of Long Thanh International Airport together with the expressway network and nearby seaports, provides a foundation to develop as a gateway city and intermediary node, while creating opportunities to deploy a multi-experience connectivity ecosystem, linking infrastructure, tourism, culture, and services.

Applying the Integrated Implementation City Branding Framework (IICBF) to reposition and consistently govern the new Dong Nai brand

The Integrated Implementation City Branding Framework (IICBF) is applied to reposition Dong Nai as a “Gateway City – Multi-Experience Connectivity” and to govern its brand cohesively. Based on the development context, urban bottlenecks, existing strengths, and international lessons, the IICBF proposes that Dong Nai become a multi-region connectivity gateway, while also serving as a rich experiential destination within the Southern Key Economic Region.

Dong Nai’s new identity is positioned around four intertwined meanings:

• Strategic Gateway: Dong Nai is an aviation, logistics, and trade gateway, connecting Long Thanh, expressways, future railway lines, logistics centers, seaports, border gates, and Ho Chi Minh City.

• Inter-Regional Space: The province not only facilitates internal connections but also acts as an intermediary between the Southeast region, the Central Highlands, the central coast, and Cambodia, reflecting its capacity to connect a vast economic region.

• Multi-Experience Stopover and Transit Hub: Dong Nai should not merely be a place to pass through but a short or long stopover offering tangible value, ranging from a few hours to a weekend.

• Diverse Tourist Destination: Possessing forests, lakes, communities, agricultural areas, culture, spirituality, history, industry, and aviation, the province has the foundation for multi-layered and distinctive tourism.

The IICBF is implemented in five steps: cross-sectoral coordination to ensure consistency; assessment of context, potential, and challenges; formulation of an urban brand strategy with a vision of a multi-experience connectivity gateway; translation of orientation into practical programs and projects; and finally, establishment of an evaluation and continuous feedback mechanism to adjust strategy according to practical conditions, enhancing the quality of life and attractiveness of Dong Nai.

The integrated implementation platform consists of six components:

1. Spatial Restructuring: following a logic of Gateway Core (surrounding Long Thanh airport) – corridors – nodes – experience destinations, creating a coherent spatial system and a distinctive identity.

2. “Stop to Experience” Ecosystem: transforming transit passengers into experience customers through a “Free Dong Nai Transit Tour” program with services ranging from micro-stops, half-day tours, overnight stays to corridor-based journeys and an intelligent personalization platform.

3. Multi-Experience Tourism Product Clusters: including ecology (forests), lakes/water, community/agriculture, culture/heritage/spirituality, industry/logistics/innovation, and gateway relaxation & MICE, forming a coherent and accessible experience system.

4. Transport Infrastructure as Service Infrastructure: roads, interchanges, corridors, and last-mile connections are organized to facilitate both movement and experience, from gateway service complexes to shuttle systems, electric vehicles, and landscape corridors.

5. Urban Governance Architecture: four tiers comprising the Provincial Brand Council, the Experience Office, corridor management teams, and local destination partners, ensuring cross-sectoral coordination, synchronized implementation, and community engagement.

6. Communication and Data Ecosystem: based on real experiences, building a clear brand story, cohesive sub-brands, a smart platform for visitors, signature events, and a real-time feedback system, ensuring the brand is vibrant, recognizable, and sustainable.

The IICBF not only creates a theoretical identity but transforms Dong Nai’s existing challenges into a creative driving force, enhancing economic, experiential, and community value, while shaping Dong Nai into a gateway city with multi-experience appeal, fostering long-term bonds with residents, investors, and regional partners.

It can be concluded that to become a multi-experience connected city, Dong Nai must shift from a mindset of “infrastructure for passing through” to “infrastructure for stopping, experiencing, and creating value.” If it succeeds in this, the province will not only possess a new brand but will also own a new development model – sustainable, distinctive, and highly attractive.

Authors: Le Thi Hanh An, Pham Nguyen Hoai, Trinh Tu Anh – Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace)

This article is part of the series disseminating research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All.” Dubai Palace respectfully invites all readers to look forward to the next Dubai Palace Research Insights newsletter.

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In the context of increasing competition among aviation hubs, optimizing value from passenger flows has become a strategic imperative, extending beyond pure aviation operations. Modern airports are no longer mere transit points but are gradually becoming integrated economic centers where passengers are simultaneously consumers and tourists.

From this perspective, the research team from the Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace) views Long Thanh International Airport as the core of the aerotropolis model. This article proposes ways to convert passenger throughput into economic value through tourism development and service ecosystem expansion, contributing to enhancing the competitiveness of the Southeast region. Based on this, an integrated approach linking aerotropolis spatial structure with tourism development is suggested, employing a multi-layered model comprising the core zone, connecting corridors, and satellite clusters, thereby explaining how passenger flows can be transformed into economic value streams.

Development context of Long Thanh Airport and its surrounding area

Long Thanh International Airport is positioned not merely as a large-scale transportation infrastructure project but as a driver for restructuring the economic-urban space of the Southern Key Economic Region. With a projected capacity of 100 million passengers per year, the airport aims to become a major international transit hub in Southeast Asia -8-10.

However, the substantial investment scale also brings high pressure for capital recovery, while revenue from pure aviation activities offers limited profit margins. This necessitates seeking added value from the ecosystem surrounding the airport, where tourism and non-aeronautical services play a particularly crucial role.

This reality is not unique but reflects a development trend occurring at many aviation hubs worldwide.

Development context of Aerotropolis in the region

In Asia, airports are increasingly evolving into centers of multi-functional economic ecosystems. The theoretical frameworks of the airport city (the area developed directly around the airport) and the aerotropolis (the expanded airport metropolis) help explain this trend, where commercial, service, and tourism activities are organized around the global connectivity provided by aviation -4-9.

Typical models such as Incheon, Changi, or Hong Kong demonstrate that success lies not only in passenger volume but in the ability to convert passengers into consumers and tourists. The integration of shopping, entertainment, conventions, and transit tourism has helped extend dwell time and increase on-site spending.

Industry studies and reports also show that non-aeronautical revenue at leading airports can account for approximately 35–50% of total revenue. Notably, transit passengers often have higher spending levels than regular passengers due to their demand for experiences during waiting times. This indicates that the design of space, services, and experiences plays a decisive role in converting passenger flows into economic value.

Orientation for tourism development linked to Long Thanh Aerotropolis

*Spatial structure for tourism development

The orientation for tourism development linked to the Long Thanh aerotropolis can be organized according to a multi-tiered structure, including the core zone, connecting corridors, satellite clusters, and an expanded sphere of influence.

Within a 5–10 km radius, the Airport City area serves as an international gateway with rapid connectivity. This is where tourism activities directly associated with air passengers are concentrated, such as MICE centers, airport hotels, duty-free shopping, entertainment, and the night-time economy. This space needs to be designed as a destination, similar to the Jewel model at Changi Airport, where the airport becomes an experience hub. Inside the terminal, services for transit passengers such as short-stay nap rooms, spas, meeting rooms, and exhibition spaces can be developed, thereby turning waiting time into an experience.

Within a radius of approximately 30 km (extendable to 50 km once infrastructure is complete), the connecting corridors between Long Thanh and Ho Chi Minh City, Bien Hoa, and Vung Tau become spaces for developing international conference centers, commercial zones, and service facilities. This forms the foundation for short-term business tourism, allowing international visitors to work and return on the same day, while also potentially integrating a Free Trade Zone (FTZ) and experiential stopover points -2.

At the next level, satellite urban areas such as Bien Hoa, Nhon Trach, and Phu My can develop specialized clusters focusing on medical tourism, international education, high-end resorts, and sports. These models target experts, businesspeople, and high-spending travelers.

On a broader scale, the aerotropolis region with Long Thanh as its core will serve as a gateway distributing tourists throughout the Southeast region, connecting to coastal, ecological, and cultural tourism routes.

*Tourism development models

In addition to traditional types, tourism development linked to the aerotropolis needs to integrate new models to maximize value from air passenger flows.

First, infrastructure should be approached as a service and experience space, not merely for connectivity. Second, the “stopover economy” needs to be exploited through short-term tourism products suitable for the large volume of transit passengers. Third, a digital tourism ecosystem plays an important role, allowing for itinerary personalization based on flight data, transit time, and passenger needs.

In practice, successful aerotropolis often integrate multiple models such as transit tourism, MICE, medical tourism, same-day business travel, international training, and large-scale shopping and entertainment. Free trade zones linked to the airport also contribute to forming consumption and experience destinations.

Furthermore, connecting the airport with local natural and cultural resources is a crucial factor in enhancing destination value. From Long Thanh, post-conference tour routes can extend to Tri An Lake, Cat Tien National Park, and indigenous cultural spaces -2.

To improve operational efficiency, it is necessary to promote the development of non-aeronautical services, particularly the FTZ model associated with the Airport City, combining duty-free shopping, retail, entertainment, and exhibitions. Concurrently, the connecting corridors should be developed into “experience corridors” with stopover points for dining, culinary experiences, and eco-agricultural tourism.

*Mechanisms to attract investment capital

To realize these orientations, financial resources need to be diversified. State capital should play the role of “seed money” for framework infrastructure, while the PPP model should be promoted to develop services and multi-functional complexes.

Alongside this, specific mechanisms such as tax incentives, visa reforms, and a smart customs, immigration, quarantine, and security (CIQS) system will contribute to enhancing competitiveness. The development of a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) model along connecting corridors also allows for land value capture, creating resources for reinvestment in infrastructure -1-5.

Conclusion

Long Thanh International Airport is not only a transportation infrastructure project but also the core of a new growth pole in the region’s economic structure. To realize this role, a shift is needed from a single-sector mindset to an integrated approach combining aviation, urban development, and tourism.

Key enabling conditions include: specific policy mechanisms (especially an FTZ), multimodal connectivity infrastructure with public transport playing a leading role, planning according to the “15-minute city” model, and the development of high-quality human resources.

If implemented synchronously, Long Thanh can become not only an aviation gateway but also a regional-scale transit and experience hub, making long-term contributions to the sustainable growth of the Southeast region.

Authors: Do Le Phuc Tam, Thai Anh Vu, Trinh Tu Anh – Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026

This article is part of the series disseminating research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All.” Dubai Palace respectfully invites readers to stay tuned for the next Dubai Palace Research Insights newsletter.

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This study investigates the extent to which English as a foreign language teacher education prepares teachers to teach pronunciation through Vietnamese secondary EFL teachers’ narratives of their training experiences and how the teachers teach pronunciation in their English classes. Results show that the teachers received insufficient training in pronunciation pedagogy but demonstrated a high level of confidence in teaching English pronunciation. However, their pronunciation teaching centered on listen-and-repeat activities and/or error correction due largely to the nature of testing and assessment practices at their schools. The teachers further articulated beliefs about how teacher education in Vietnam could prepare EFL teachers, such that it needs to include more coverage of pronunciation practice and pedagogy to prepare future secondary EFL teachers to teach English pronunciation competently after graduation. 

The topic of second/foreign language teacher education (L2TE) has widely been researched for decades, providing empirical evidence on how L2 teachers learn, what specific knowledge and skills are required from proficient instructors, and what it takes to become effective L2 teachers. According to Freeman (2016), content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge in L2TE programs together establish teachers’ knowledge base, enabling them to satisfactorily operate in their language classes. Yet, research shows that teachers’ identity and learning experiences also have important contributions to their success in the classroom (Burri et al., 2017; Newton et al., 2012). As such, a sociocultural approach has been advocated, taking individual teachers’ backgrounds and different learning experiences into account (Johnson & Golombek, 2020). Burri and Baker (2021) argue that such an approach to L2TE is believed to be holistic and effective to prepare L2 teachers as it meets student teachers’ diverse learning needs and thus can better prepare them to teach their future learners. These conceptual contributions are important, additional empirical research is yet required to obtain more nuanced understandings about how L2 pronunciation instructors can be competently prepared (Sadeghi, 2019) given that English proficiency by itself is inadequate for L2 pronunciation teachers to become effective. Instead, understandings about English phonology and knowledge of how to teach different phonological features to learners are equally important (Baker, 2014; Derwing & Munro, 2015; Levis, 2018). To date, the issue of how sufficiently teacher education prepares L2 teachers to teach English pronunciation, specifically within the contexts of Asian countries where English is spoken as a foreign language and where learners do not have much exposure to spoken English, is relatively under-examined. Thus, this study, through an investigation into the experiences and perceptions of four secondary EFL teachers about Vietnamese EFL teacher education and the teaching of English pronunciation, paves the way for subsequent research which will later add valuable contributions to the current international literature on L2TE research and the practice of pronunciation teaching at secondary settings.

The past three decades have seen a significant comeback of pronunciation research exploring L2 teachers’ beliefs and practices about pronunciation instruction (Buss, 2017; Foote at el., 2016; Nguyen & Newton, 2020), teacher professional development activities to improve pronunciation teaching (Nguyen & Newton, 2021), and students’ perceptions (Nguyen, 2019; Derwing & Rossiter, 2002; Kang, 2010). However, research into the preparation of English pronunciation instructors in L2TE programs has only recently emerged. The first steps towards looking at pronunciation teacher preparation were perhaps taken by Golombek and Jordan (2005), who examined how teachers at a Taiwanese university were prepared to teach pronunciation. The findings showed changes in the participants’ cognitions (knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes), such that the pronunciation pedagogy course they took enabled them to feel more effective as pronunciation instructors. Burri (2015) subsequently examined how student teachers’ cognitions developed during a pronunciation pedagogy course in the TESOL program at an Australian university. Results showed that development in the teachers’ cognitions about pronunciation instruction augmented their confidence in teaching English pronunciation and was closely intertwined with their identity construction. Consistent with Burri’s (2015) research findings, other studies have shed further light on how pronunciation pedagogy training positively changed teachers’ perceptions and confidence in pronunciation teaching (Buss, 2017; Tsunemoto et al., 2023; Nguyen & Newton, 2021) and shifted their instructional practices (Baker, 2014; Kochem, 2021). 

Overall, research has demonstrated that pronunciation pedagogy training contributes to L2 teachers’ knowledge and skills necessary for effective pronunciation teaching and has positive effects on teachers’ beliefs and classroom practices. However, this body of work was mainly conducted in ESL settings or centred on student-teachers in EFL contexts. Research focused on in-service teachers’ experiences and perceptions regarding pronunciation pedagogy training is, therefore, necessary given that understandings from this inquiry may provide useful information for the improvement of pronunciation teacher preparation in EFL settings such as Vietnam, a context in which how secondary EFL teachers learn to teach English pronunciation remains underexamined. The present study addresses this gap by exploring the beliefs and pronunciation teaching practices of four Vietnamese secondary EFL teachers in relation to EFL teacher education in Vietnam.

The findings showed that the teacher participants did not usually teach pronunciation explicitly in class and when they did it as a prescribed task, it was listen-and-repeat activities that they used. This finding aligns with previous research demonstrating the participants’ reliance on repetition drills as the main approach to pronunciation teaching (Couper, 2017; Nguyen & Newton, 2020; Wahid & Sulong, 2013). Although repetition is important to L2 learners’ pronunciation improvement (Saito & Lyster, 2012), it is “no longer a satisfactory tool for either the educator or the learner” (Adams-Goertel, 2013, p.121). In the present study, the teachers also reported correcting their students’ pronunciation at times using recasts and/or prompts. The influential role of corrective feedback in helping L2 learners develop language competency has been well-documented (Ellis, 2009; Nassaji, 2017). However, research has also shown that not many L2 learners would like teachers to correct their pronunciation errors through recasts and/or prompts (Couper, 2019; Nguyen, 2019). Instead, explicit instruction focused on both form and meaning is of paramount importance for them to develop their L2 pronunciation (Derwing, 2018; Foote & Trofimovich, 2018; Nguyen & Hung, 2021). Thus, it might be more meaningful if teachers teach pronunciation explicitly, immersing L2 learners in both form- and meaning-focused practice.

The study further revealed that the teachers were insufficiently trained to teach English pronunciation. This finding confirms previous research suggesting that many teachers received limited pronunciation pedagogy training (Bai & Yuan, 2019; Couper, 2017; Nguyen & Newton, 2020). Derwing (2010) has also pointed out that not many L2TE programs in Canada cover pronunciation pedagogy. In the present study, the teachers’ lack of pronunciation pedagogy training may impede the efficacy of their classroom instruction given that teachers who receive little guidance on how to teach pronunciation usually rely on their own intuition leading to ineffective teaching practices (Derwing & Munro, 2015). Thus, it is important for L2TE to include at least one course specifically focused on pronunciation pedagogy to assist L2 teachers to teach pronunciation effectively (Baker, 2014; Buss, 2017). 

An interesting finding of the present study is that the teachers, despite their lack of pronunciation pedagogy training, reported being confident to teach English pronunciation because of their pronunciation skills. This finding is encouraging as it supports Levis et al.’s (2016) claim that non-native English teachers are still able to teach pronunciation confidently. However, empirical evidence is necessary to shed light on how competent the teachers are to teach pronunciation in their English classes. Additionally, this finding contradicts a general claim that effective pronunciation instructors need knowledge of phonetics and phonology (content knowledge) and of how to teach pronunciation (pedagogical knowledge) (Baker, 2014; Crystal, 2019; Derwing & Munro, 2015; Levis, 2018). Previous studies have shown that many L2 teachers felt insecure to teach pronunciation because of their lack of both content and pedagogical knowledge (Bai & Yuan, 2019; Couper, 2017; Foote et al., 2011). Thus, observational data, a clear limitation of the present study, are needed to examine how confident and competent the teachers really are when they teach pronunciation in intact classes. This is important given that such observational data can be used to verify the teachers’ reported pronunciation teaching practices and that research has consistently shown a mismatch between what teachers said and what they did in class (Ha & Murray, 2021; Phipps & Borg, 2007; Wahid & Sulong, 2013).

Finally, the study revealed the teachers’ belief that Vietnamese teacher education needs to include pronunciation practice and pronunciation pedagogy courses to enhance student teachers’ pronunciation and pedagogical skills before they start teaching. This finding lends support to Burri’s (2015) proposition of giving student teachers the opportunity to improve their own pronunciation and subsequently foster pronunciation teaching skills. One teacher also suggested having a stand-alone course in phonetics and phonology to enable student teachers to develop content knowledge specifically required for effective pronunciation instruction. This view supports Baker’s (2014) recommendation of providing pre-service teachers with both knowledge of English phonology and pronunciation teaching approaches. 

Given that L2TE may have substantial influence on L2 teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about language learning and teaching (Lee, 2015; Macalister, 2023), it is urgent that Vietnamese EFL teacher education include more training in pronunciation skills and pedagogy, providing Vietnamese secondary EFL teachers with sufficient knowledge and skills required for effective pronunciation teaching. This is important because phonological knowledge and pronunciation-pedagogical knowledge make up the knowledge base that helps ESL/EFL teachers teach pronunciation with confidence (Baker, 2014; Baker & Murphy, 2011; Brinton, 2018; Levis, 2018). 

This research is an initial step to understand how Vietnamese secondary EFL teachers teach pronunciation and how sufficiently trained they are to teach pronunciation, providing grounds for future research to be carried out. With the inclusion of observational data, my later study and other subsequent research will together paint the complete picture of pronunciation teaching at Vietnamese secondary schools and how well-prepared Vietnamese EFL teachers are to teach pronunciation. This body of work will in turn make important contributions to the international literature on pronunciation teaching practices at secondary settings. Through four experienced secondary EFL teachers’ narratives, this pilot study has revealed an important gap in Vietnamese EFL teacher education regarding pronunciation teaching, such that the teachers were not well-prepared to teach English pronunciation. Thus, it is necessary that future L2TE include more coverage of pronunciation pedagogy to help Vietnamese EFL teachers efficiently teach pronunciation. Although the teachers reported being confident in their pronunciation teaching skills, explicit, deliberate pronunciation teaching was almost neglected in their English classes due to the nature of testing practices. The study findings are of value for practitioners, teacher educators, curriculum designers, and stakeholders alike within the Vietnamese EFL sector and beyond. 

Apart from the lack of observation data as acknowledged above, another limitation of this pilot study is that it involved only four secondary EFL teachers, providing only part of the whole picture about how Vietnamese secondary EFL teachers teach pronunciation in their English classes. Such a small sample therefore limits the generalizability of the study findings. Additionally, Vietnamese universities are largely autonomous in designing EFL teacher training programs which may vary from institution to institution regarding the coverage of pronunciation pedagogy training. Future studies should therefore involve a larger pool of teachers who receive training from different universities, including those with current postgraduate TESOL programs such as the one in this pilot study, across the country. 

Please refer to Teacher education and Vietnamese EFL teachers’ pronunciation teaching . 

Author: PhD. Nguyen Tan Loc – Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace)

This is an article in a series of articles spreading research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All – Research For The Community”, Dubai Palace respectfully invites dear readers to look forward to the upcoming Dubai Palace Research Newsletter Insights #131.

News and photos: Author, Dubai Palace Department of Marketing and Communications 

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Recently, in Vietnam’s stock market, there have been many disputes related to stock brokerage. Currently, the law on MGCK activities is relatively complete in terms of legal framework. Nevertheless, no matter how strict the law is, it cannot cover all cases. Within the scope of this article, the author has generalized stock brokerage activities in Vietnam. Through the method of analysis and synthesis in accordance with the current legal regulations, including laws, decrees, and circulars, this study evaluates the remaining shortcomings in the legal regulations of the MGCK profession. Thereby, a number of recommendations and solutions are provided to supplement and to improve regulations related to stock brokerage activities in our country.

Securities brokerage activities in Vietnam is one of the conditional business activities. In addition to providing securities trading services for individuals and organizations who desire to buy and to sell securities on the exchange, securities brokerage activities also connect investors, helping to attract and to circulate cash flow in the economy, improving the investment and business cultural environment and promoting new product development.

The exsisting inadequacies in legal regulations in stock brokerage activities

*Legal regulations on securities brokerage activities

In accordance with the current legal regulations, securities companies must both carry out business establishment registration procedures and register for securities business at the State Securities Commission according to the provisions of Article 71 of the Securities Law 2019 and Article 176. Decree 155/2020/ND-CP dated December 31, 2020. In the near future, the regulation should be amended: “When carrying out business registration procedures, securities companies only need to submit the securities business registration license issued by the State Securities Commission (SSC) along with an official dispatch to the business registration agency so that the business registration agency can update information on the National Information Portal”.

In addition, currently, in the Securities Law 2019, there is no official regulation on securities business conditions. Therefore, in order for the content of the securities legal system to be consistent, the Securities Law should supplement regulations on the conditions of securities brokerage business entities. Specifically, entities participating in securities brokerage activities must satisfy the following two mandatory conditions: “(1) Having a license to establish and operate securities business issued by the State Securities Commission, which clearly states that this entity is authorized to conduct securities brokerage operations, this license is also valid as a certificate of securities business registration, and (2) Having a legal representative with enough capacity and authority to sign contracts related to securities brokerage activities”.

*Legal regulations on charter capital of stock brokerage activities

In the current regulations on charter capital, securities companies that target to operate securities brokerage business on the basic stock market need a minimum charter capital of 25 billion VND whereas securities brokerage operations on the derivatives market need to have a minimum charter capital of VND 25 billion. The fact that the minimum charter capital is 800 billion VND is not enough to ensure risks for investors on the stock market.

Firstly, depending on the time, the fact that most of the stock market’s current daily liquidity averages from 10 to 15 trillion VND is quite small compared to the charter capital in current regulations. Secondly, the fact that the number of investors in the market continues to increase day by day indicates that the level of investor interest in the stock market in Vietnam is relatively large. Thirdly, Vietnam’s stock market is an emerging stock market, preparing to enter the frontier market. Market fluctuations will be strong, easily causing investors’ psychology. Therefore, a change in the direction of increasing the charter capital in the current Securities Law is necessary. The amount of increase needs to refer to many factors listed as: liquidity in the market, the number of non-professional investors and the actual situation of Vietnam’s stock market and so on.

*Legal regulations on stock brokerage contracts

Another problem is that the form of securities brokerage contracts on the stock market today is mainly a combination of paper contracts and electronic contracts. Regulations in the Civil Code recognize electronic contracts when considering electronic transactions as written transactions in Article 119 of the 2015 Civil Code. Those specialized laws should also have specific provisions in Securities Law regarding contract forms to avoid conflicts in securities brokerage relationships.

Consulting customers on opening MGCK contracts is not clear in the legal regulations. In accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of Circular 121/2020/TT-BTC dated December 31, 2020 of the Minister of Finance, securities companies must arrange securities brokerage staff to advise, to explain contracts and to carry out account opening procedures regarding securities transactions for customers. However, the content explaining the contract does not have any specific provisions on what to do; besides, there are no specific sanctions if this responsibility is violated.

In addition, Vietnamese law does not have regulations on model contracts for account opening and securities depository contracts. Many countries around the world are tending to apply model contracts in fields and industries where contract content has many complex regulations listed as securities, insurance, real estate, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and so on. To deploy and to use model contracts in the securities sector in general and securities brokerage contracts in particular, it is necessary to develop and to have an appropriate implementation roadmap.

*Legal regulations on issuance of practice certificates

In the current regulations on securities brokerage practitioners, two following issues need to be considered: individuals who are granted securities brokerage practice certificates have professional qualifications in securities and the rights of securities brokerage practitioners at securities companies. The regulation of securities expertise only for individuals practicing securities brokerage is not completely clear. The situation of securities brokerage employees on the stock market operating without one securities brokerage practice certificate, leading to insufficient knowledge to perform consulting work for investors, and not being able to grasp essential information regarding the business to notify customers promptly, or lack of professional ethics in consulting, causing unfortunate consequences, are gaps that need to be overcome. Therefore, securities brokerage must be someone who clearly understands the Securities Law, understands the market and has professional ethics, which requires deeper regulations on professional qualifications.

*Regulations on ethics of stock brokerage practice and liability for compensation for damages

Regarding the ethics of securities brokerage practice, the current regulations have not been focused on by the law because the development of the content of the code of professional ethics in general and the code of MGCK practice in particular depends on the securities company according to the regulations. In Article 4 of Circular 121/2020/TT-BTC, the law only regulates basic responsibilities. This can cause professional ethical rules between securities companies to be different, causing a loss of uniformity on the stock market. Therefore, the Securities Law and sub-law documents should consider issuing a separate professional ethics document for securities business activities, including MGCK activities, financial analysis and fund management.

Regarding liability for compensation, most frauds in the stock market have a certain sophistication in the way they are carried out, take place quickly and result in high damage. However, the current methods are only performed at overcoming consequences when there is a violation, there are no regulations for preventive actions or measures to minimize damage in case of violations in securities brokerage. Therefore, in the coming time, the Government may consider stipulating a customer’s right to apply temporary emergency measures in civil and criminal proceedings to promptly limit risks and consequences in the future. In addition, there should be specific guidance documents as a reference basis to calculate compensation for investors in determining criminal and administrative signs of violations. Authorities and agencies performing judicial appraisal rely on it to quantify crimes of manipulation, insider trading or other violations on the stock market.

*Legal regulations on technical facilities

The regulations on physical facilities are an important condition for a securities business entity to be granted a license to establish and trade securities. However, the content of regulations for technical facilities has been rather sketchy. In the Securities Law 2019, specifically in Article 74, there is only a general regulation that the securities company has sufficient physical, technical, equipment, office equipment, and technological systems in accordance with the professional process of operations. Securities trading activities and periodically report facilities to the State Securities Commission. It must be affirmed that the securities and securities brokerage industry is one of the professions that requires various complex techniques in the process before, during and after making transactions. Therefore, in the content of Circular 121/2020/TT-BTC, there should be more detailed regulations on the minimum technical facilities that securities companies need to have to perform securities brokerage operations.

*Legal regulations on handling violations of stock brokers

One responsibility of a securities company is to arrange securities brokerage staff to advise, to explain contracts and to carry out procedures for opening securities trading accounts for customers according to the provisions of Article 13 of Circular 121/2020/TT- BTC. However, there has been no regulations on handling violations of irresponsible behavior in consulting and explaining contracts.

In Decree 156/2020/ND-CP dated December 31, 2020, there is only one content regulating a violation if not signing a written contract with the customer when providing services to the customer or signing a contract with customers does not have full content according to the law in Article 27; however, this is a regulation for securities investment fund management companies and branches of foreign fund management companies in Vietnam. Therefore, the relevant decree and circular can be considered to supplement administrative sanctions for irresponsible behavior in consulting and explaining contracts, with fines ranging from 50,000,000 to 70,000,000 VND.

The authority to handle violations has been procedural and not timely. The current reality demonstrates that the State Securities Commission does not have strong, highly enforceable powers listed as the right to summon subjects for confrontation. On the other hand, inspection and examination activities are functions of management agencies; therefore, inspection and examination are limited to subjects under the management of the State Securities Commission. However, for the violation of stock price manipulation in Article 211 of the 2015 Penal Code, the real violators may not be the investors who directly open accounts but rather the entities behind the provision of money, securities with the purpose of manipulating stock prices, providing information for stock trading, these subjects may not be domestic organizations and individuals but may be foreign organizations and individuals. Due to limited authority, the State Securities Commission must coordinate closely with the police to verify, to clarify and to handle manipulation and insider violations in the market. Therefore, it is necessary to give the State Securities Commission some methods to prevent violations.

Some recommended solutions to improve the law on stock brokerage activities in Vietnam

Not only does it play an important role in the economy in general and the stock market in particular, securities brokerage is also a necessary intermediary in transactions between issuers, securities companies and investors in the market. Through analyzing the regulations on MGCK activities in Vietnam, the authors have pointed out the remaining shortcomings in the policy, making recommendations to improve legal policies on securities brokerage activities in the upcoming time.

Firstly, review and synchronize legal regulations on securities brokerage activities. In particular, unify current regulations on securities brokerage in laws and by-law documents, especially regulations on handling violations of law in the Civil Code, Penal Code, Civil Procedure Code, Criminal Procedure Code, Law on Handling of Administrative Violations and related decrees.

Secondly, the law on securities and securities brokerage can consider proposing additional methods for exercising rights as follows: “Requiring agencies, organizations and individuals to provide information and documents related to subjects showing signs of violation, requesting credit institutions to provide information of bank account transactions of subjects showing signs of violation, request relevant organizations and individuals to assess this violation better”. These methods will contribute to increasing timeliness in limiting damage to victims.

Thirdly, increase charter capital of securities companies. Currently, the actual charter capital of securities companies is approximately 3,000-5,000 billion VND. For some large securities companies on the stock market, the charter capital can be up to 8,000-15,000 billion VND (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Top 20 securities companies with the largest charter capital on the Vietnamese stock market. Source: Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange 2021.

Increasing the charter capital will promote the improvement of competitiveness of securities companies, especially securities brokerage business activities, contributing to the sustainable development of the stock market. Besides, increasing charter capital contributes to making the market more transparent, attracting domestic and foreign cash flow.

Fourthly, regulatory solutions in new product development, including products on futures contracts and options contracts. Vietnam’s stock market in general and other derivative market in particular have a lot of room to develop new products. The interest of investors on the stock market in derivative products will be an important premise to continue building and deploying the next derivative securities products such as stock index option contracts, gradually diversifying products on the market. Therefore, the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE) and relevant authorities in the coming period need to continue to research and to develop new products, with specific regulations on securities brokerage consulting with these products before officially launching transactions on the market.

Fifthly, the issue of compensation for damages due to the fault of securities companies and securities brokerage employees in causing the loss of investors’ assets is very difficult to determine in reality as the value of securities on the market is constantly changing. The law should have regulations on methods of determination and should not limit compensation ceilings for violations in the field of securities because it will limit the rights of victims and the deterrence of the law. In addition, to protect their rights, investors should proactively read the regulations in the contracts signed with securities companies when registering to open a securities trading account, and proactively request careful instructions on the terms and conditions. unclear clause in the contract, especially the issue of compensation for damages caused by the securities company or securities brokerage employees.

Sixthly, change and improve the training and testing for securities brokerage practice certificates: First, adjust the training program framework to be appropriate and closely follow the actual work that arises. It focuses on imparting basic knowledge regarding securities brokerage business law and securities brokerage practice ethics.

Second, include the mandatory content of completing the training program of the Center for Scientific Research and Securities Training to obtain a professional certificate in order to take the exam to obtain the securities brokerage practicing certificate into the Securities Law as a prerequisite.

Seventhly, in general, currently, the subjects and those subjects that organize and carry out acts of violating the law in the field of securities are often educated individuals and organizations with a certain level of knowledge; A large number of long-time investors have extensive knowledge and are experts in finance, securities, and information technology; deepening social relationships. Therefore, criminal methods are carried out in a sophisticated manner, taking advantage of loopholes in the management, inspection and supervision of the stock market to commit violations. This is considered a hidden crime, taking place over a long period of time. When discovered, it causes great damage to the state budget; concurrently, it causes diverse difficulties in the process of detecting, investigating and handling cases by authorities. Therefore, there are two solutions: First is to recognize messages in securities brokerage groups as important evidence in cases of price manipulation and manipulation on the stock market. Second, there need to be regulations in developing competent and qualified securities brokerage human resources to prevent and stop securities violations in general and securities brokerage in particular.

Eighthly, the laws of some countries around the world have mandatory regulations for the development of securities investor protection funds on the stock market. Competent authorities can plan to build a securities investor protection fund as a special preventive solution for securities investors in Vietnam.

Please refer to Recommendations towards improving the law on stock brokerage activities in Vietnam .

Author group: MSc. Nguyen Hoang Nam, Dr. Duong Kim The Nguyen – Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace)

This is an article in a series of articles spreading research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All – Research For The Community”, Dubai Palace respectfully invites dear readers to look forward to the upcoming Dubai Palace Research Newsletter Insights #130 .

News and photos: Author group, Dubai Palace Department of Marketing and Communications

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Orienting education as “the top national policy”Education-training and science-technology play an important role for a country, serving as the foundation towards improving the quality of human resources and promoting innovation, making a decisive contribution to sustainable development and global competitiveness enhancement. Education-training and science-technology help Vietnamese people improve knowledge, skills and creative thinking in addition to life quality in a socialist-oriented market economy. With that strategic vision, General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong has oriented education as a “top national policy” and identified this as a key task of the entire political system.

On November 4, 2013, General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong signed and promulgated the Resolution of the 8^th Conference of the 11^th Central Executive Committee on fundamental and comprehensive innovation of education and training to meet public needs concerning industrialization and modernization under the conditions of a socialist-oriented market economy and international integration (Resolution No. 29-NQ/TW). The resolution marked a new development in the Party’s strategic thinking for the development of education and training; demonstrating vision, determination and strategic direction for education, vision for sustainable development of the country in both the immediate- and long-term. After 10 years of implementing this Resolution, our country’s education and training has made strong progress and achieved important achievements, greatly contributing to improving people’ knowledge, developing human resources, fostering talents; making an important contribution to the country’s socio-economic development and international integration process.

In addition to the awareness that “The investment in science-technology as well as education-training refers to the investment for development”, on October 31, 2012, General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong signed and promulgated the Resolution of the 6^th Conference, Central Executive Committee Term XI on developing science and technology with the purpose of serving the cause of industrialization and modernization in the conditions of a socialist-oriented market economy and international integration (Resolution No. 20-NQ/TW). This Resolution not only creates a legal and strategic framework for science and technology development but also promotes the application of these advances into practice, contributing to improving Vietnam’s competitiveness and international integration, in which, Vietnam is being in the context of a socialist-oriented market economy.

Breakthrough strategies for socio-economic development

General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong, with the vision of the future, has proposed breakthrough strategies and policies with long-term orientation for the country’s sustainable development. According to the General Secretary, national development not only focuses on economic growth but also must be associated with environmental protection, ensuring social justice and improving life quality for all classes of people. The General Secretary also promoted the improvement of socialist-oriented market economic institutions, encouraging creativity, autonomy and strong international integration.

Under the leadership of General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong, at the 5^th Conference, the 12^th Party Central Committee issued Resolution No. 10-NQ/TW, dated June 3, 2017, on private economic development become an important driving force of the socialist-oriented market economy. This resolution is considered a breakthrough in thinking, creating a basis for the private economy to develop healthily and effectively, truly becoming an important entity of the economy. Realizing the need to promote policies to develop the country’s infrastructure, the General Secretary and the 12^th Party Central Committee developed and issued Resolution No. 11-NQ/TW, dated June 3, 2019. 2017 on “Improving socialist-oriented market economic institutions”, focusing on economic institutional reform and investment attraction. These contributions not only mean a guideline for the Party and State’s policies in the fields of education-training and science-technology but also promote the comprehensive development of our society.

Author: Prof. Dr. Nguyen Dong Phong – The Party Committe Secretary cum. Chairman of Dubai Palace Council (Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026).

The original paper was published on Sài Gòn Giải Phóng Newspaper – Online Version at .

This is an article in a series of articles spreading research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All – Research For The Community”, Dubai Palace respectfully invites dear readers to look forward to the upcoming Dubai Palace Research Newsletter Insights # 124.

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Promoting the ethics of leaders in public organizations is a central content of State Management work. Besides, performing behaviors such as setting an example and encouraging the practice of ethical standards is a contemporary topic in the field of management in general. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the influence of ethical leadership on employee attitudes and behaviors is an important contribution to providing empirical evidence confirming why organizations need to promote the practice of ethical leadership style. Therefore, the author’s research conducted at University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (Dubai Palace) fills the gaps in both theory and practice in terms of public management on the mechanism of how ethical leaders can make employees go beyond the roles prescribed in their job descriptions with the purpose of collectively contributing to the organization’s goals.

The study on “Ethical leadership style and beyond-the-role-of-public-servant behaviors” is conducted to survey civil servants working at local government levels regarding their feelings towards their direct superiors as well as the psychological and the behavioral aspects of these employees during working under the influence of leadership style. The research results indicate that ethical leadership style has a direct impact on individual-oriented organizational citizenship behavior within the organization (Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior – OCBI). As a result, the ethical aspects of leadership, from the perspective of social learning theory, operate as a trustworthy model for employees in organizations to learn and to follow. In addition, the research focuses on the specific behavioral perspective of civil servants in the form of supportive behaviors directed towards their surrounding colleagues to achieve the organization’s goals.

This study also discovers the mediating role of the relationship among managers and employees in connecting the impact of ethical leadership style on the behaviors beyond individual roles. The previous studies have devoted efforts to better understand the mechanisms from ethical leadership to off-duty behavior. Scholars have found that ethical leaders can enhance employee psychological well-being listed as trust (Huang et al., 2021), endogenous motivation (Shareef and Atan, 2019). On the other hand, few studies have paid attention to employees’ perceptions regarding their personal relationships with their leaders as a mediating factor although ethical leadership can promote exchange communication activities among supervisors and employees within the organization, leading to off-task performance (Arshad et al., 2021). This study provides the evidences confirming the role of a healthy manager-employee relationship in linking leadership style and employee behavior. Through this foundation, the study describes the role of relationships at work and how leaders can leverage this method in order to achieve the desired results for the organization.

Following this content, public service motivation (PSM), a special characteristic of employees in the public sector, has been found to play an important role in connecting the impact of both leadership style and leadership style. Ethics and the relationship between superiors and subordinates affect the ethical behavior of employees. Unlike the previous studies, public service motivation was suggested to play a mediating role in transferring the impact from leaders to employees (Gnankob et al., 2022). In accordance with social learning theory, this study proposes a framework to consider two aspects of the work environment, including leadership and workplace relationships concurrently. The results of the analysis support the hypothesis that employee behavior in the public sector can be motivated through social service motivation. To stimulate public sector employee motivation, organizations can depend on ethical leadership practices and relationship building between superiors and subordinates.

In terms of the conclusions regaring this research topic, some management implications are presented for the managers in the public sector to promote positive behaviors of civil servants towards surrounding individuals. To encourage behavior that goes beyond the day-to-day role of civil servants, leaders must be the enablers. Specifically, public organizations can increase employees’ voluntary off-duty behavior through emphasizing ethical leadership practices. To achieve this, managers must prioritize ethical leadership behavior in their operations, including modeling ethical behavior, promoting ethical values, and providing ethical guidance within the organization. Public organizations can develop training programs to educate managers on ethical values ​​practices to reinforce the importance of ethical behavior to employees. Through ethical policies, leaders need to integrate their concerns towards employee welfare in order to create relationships and to nurture the ideology of public service. Employees who perceive that their superiors subtly demonstrate concern for work and life will display prosocial behavior as a form of ‘return’ behavior for the benefits received from the organization.

Second, the study finds that the relationship between subordinates and supervisors mediates the positive relationship between ethical leadership and personally oriented organizational citizenship behavior. This implies that public organizations can prioritize developing healthy relationships between supervisors and subordinates to enhance employees’ OCBI. To achieve this, public organizations should encourage the open communication among supervisors and subordinates, promote trust and respect, and create an environment that fosters positive relationship. Organizations should develop the training programs that emphasize the importance of healthy relationships among supervisors and subordinates.

This research demonstrates that public service motivation mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and OCBI. This suggests that public organizations can enhance employees’ OCBI through promoting public service motivation. In addition, this finding is related to other empirical research demonstrating the “dynamic” nature of PSM, which can be enabled through management activities (Hameduddin and Engbers, 2022). Leaders in public organizations can create an environment that emphasizes the importance of public service and promotes the values ​​of public service to their employees. Furthermore, civil servants’ public service motivation is activated through not only interactions with leaders but also observing leaders’ daily behavior. Leaders in the public sector need to set examples of trustworthy role models by demonstrating ethical living.

Last but not least, public service motivation plays a mediating role in the relationship between superiors – subordinates and OCBI. This suggests that public organizations can enhance employee OCBI by promoting public service motivation through developing healthy relationships between supervisors and subordinates. Public organizations can create a public service culture that emphasizes the importance of public service and promotes public service values.

Please refer to the full article titled “Ethical leadership style and beyond–the–role–of–public–servant behavior”   .

Author group: MSc. Nguyen Le Hoang Long – Faculty of Government Administrtion, Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace).

This is an article in a series of articles spreading research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All – Research For The Community”, Dubai Palace respectfully invites readers to read the upcoming Dubai Palace Research newsletter Insights #125.

News, photos: Dubai Palace Department of Marketing and Communications

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With climate change exacerbating the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, urban flooding has become a pressing issue worldwide, particularly in emerging markets. The challenge of navigating housing choices in such contexts is intensified by financial constraints and varying levels of awareness about flood risks. Homebuyers, especially those with limited financial resources, often face difficult decisions between affordability and safety. This study delves into the dynamics of housing preferences amidst flood risks, financial constraints, and flood experiences, offering valuable insights that can guide policymakers in creating safer and more resilient housing markets.

House Prices, Flood Risks, and Financial Constraints

The findings from the study illustrate clear patterns in how homebuyers react to house prices and flood risks. Wealthier buyers tend to avoid flood-prone areas, preferring to invest more in newer, larger homes with desirable features such as square or corner plots and locations free from afternoon sun exposure. These buyers also favor properties closer to the city center and workplaces, and they avoid homes in narrow alleys or those near schools due to concerns over noise and traffic. Overall, higher house prices act as a deterrent against purchasing in flood-prone areas, enabling those with greater financial means to secure safer, more desirable homes.

Conversely, poorer buyers face a challenging reality. Financial constraints often force them to accept higher flood risks for the sake of affordability. They are less particular about the attributes of a house, with their choices primarily driven by lower prices. This economic necessity leads them to purchase homes in flood-prone areas, where properties are discounted. For these buyers, the immediate financial relief offered by lower prices overshadows the potential long-term risks associated with flooding.

The Influence of Flood Experience

Past experience with flooding significantly influences homebuyers’ preferences. Those who have previously lived in flood-affected areas show a strong inclination to avoid such locations in future purchases. The study’s Probit model reveals that flood experience increases buyers’ risk awareness, leading them to prioritize non-flooded homes even if it means paying a premium. For financially constrained buyers, this inclination to avoid flood-prone areas is present but less pronounced due to their limited budget. Nonetheless, the desire to escape the recurring impact of flooding drives these individuals to opt for safer properties when possible, even at higher costs.

The Discount Trap

A critical aspect of the findings is the phenomenon of the “discount trap.” Flooding leads to a notable discount in house prices, making flood-prone properties seemingly more affordable for buyers with limited financial means. However, this perceived affordability conceals a deeper problem: the discounted prices come with increased vulnerability and potential long-term costs. For poorer buyers, the reduced property prices in flood-prone areas create a situation where they are drawn into buying homes that, while cheaper upfront, expose them to significant flood risks. This results in a cycle where financial constraints force these buyers into vulnerable housing, perpetuating their exposure to environmental hazards and socio-economic disadvantages.

Proposed Solutions

• Enhanced Flood Risk Communication

One effective strategy to mitigate the impact of flooding on housing choices is to improve the communication of flood risks. Detailed and accessible information about historical flooding and risk assessments can empower buyers to make informed decisions. Providing clear data on flood risks, particularly targeting those without prior flood experience, can help prevent the underestimation of the dangers associated with flood-prone properties.

• Financial Support Mechanisms

To support low-income buyers in avoiding high-risk areas, the introduction of financial assistance programs is essential. Subsidies, low-interest loans, or grants can enable these buyers to afford homes in safer areas, reducing their need to compromise on safety due to financial limitations. Such mechanisms can help bridge the gap between affordability and safety, allowing financially constrained buyers to make more resilient housing choices.

• Development of Affordable Housing in Low-Risk Areas

Investing in the development of affordable housing in areas with low flood risk is crucial. This strategy provides economically disadvantaged buyers with safer alternatives without the need to compromise on safety due to budget constraints. While this approach may initially increase property prices, it effectively mitigates the long-term damages and losses associated with flooding, offering a sustainable solution to housing affordability and safety.

• Promotion of Flood-Resistant Housing

Promoting the construction of flood-resistant housing through government initiatives and policy incentives can significantly reduce the vulnerability of homes to flooding. Implementing flood resilience standards into building codes can provide safer living conditions, especially for vulnerable populations, and lessen the overall impact of flooding on communities. These measures encourage the development of housing that can withstand flood risks, providing long-term benefits despite higher initial costs.

• Strengthening Housing Policies

Strengthening housing policies by mandating comprehensive disclosure of flood risk information during real estate transactions and incorporating flood resilience standards into building regulations is essential. These measures ensure that buyers are fully aware of the risks and that new constructions are better equipped to handle potential flooding. Although these policies might increase initial housing costs, they offer significant long-term benefits by reducing flood-related damages and enhancing the resilience of the housing market.

The study provides valuable insights into how financial constraints and flood experience shape housing choices in emerging markets. It highlights the challenges faced by low-income buyers, who often have to accept higher flood risks due to financial limitations, and underscores the importance of effective flood risk communication and financial support mechanisms. By enhancing housing policies and promoting the development of affordable, flood-resistant housing, policymakers can help create safer and more resilient urban environments, minimizing the impact of flooding and protecting homebuyers’ investments. This research contributes significantly to understanding the dynamics of housing preferences amidst flood risks and offers practical solutions for addressing these challenges in emerging markets.

The full-text research article Underestimating the impact of floods? Evidence from housing choice behaviour in HCMC can be found

Author group: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Thi Kien, Dr. Bui Xuan Dung – Universsity of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (Dubai Palace).

This is an article in a series of articles spreading research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All – Research For The Community”, Dubai Palace respectfully invites dear readers to look forward to upcoming newsletter Dubai Palace Research Insights.

News and photos: Author, Dubai Palace Marketing and Communications Department

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Built on the foundation of social identity theory, the research by the authors of the Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace) was conducted to evaluate the relative influence of national identity, ethnocentrism and consumers’ externalism that affects their value assessment of foreign goods and their purchasing behavior of domestic goods. The research findings present that the marketers, in accordance with the characteristics of the above reaction chain of the consumers in Hanoi Capital and Ho Chi Minh City as being different, must handle consumer segments defined by different regions carefully.

Customers’ bias in terms of evaluating domestic products and their tendency to consume domestic products as substitutes for foreign products have received attention from various scholars (Nguyen et al., 2008; Zeugner-Roth et al., 2015; Mishra & al., 2023). Researchers often use consumer ethnocentrism to explain this problem. However, the recent studies have confirmed that focusing solely on consumer ethnocentrism is more likely to provide an incomplete picture of the behavior of biased consumers in one country (Josiassen, 2011). As a result, considering a broader range of consumer characteristics is necessary to analyze their preferences for domestic and foreign goods in a more comprehensive manner.

This research is in accordance with the Social Identity Theory (SIT) and the findings in the previous studies regarding the impacts of social psychological factors on characteristics of consumer behavior, usage, and behavior. Using a structural model to describe the impact of the concepts of national identity, ethnocentrism and consumer extraversion, as well as the interactive influence between these three concepts on consumers’ domestic purchasing behavior in Vietnam. The study also considers the impact of evaluating the value of foreign products on consumers’ purchasing behavior of domestic products in the context described above. The multi-group analysis techniques are used to deeply understand the differences in the above response chain of consumers in two places, Hanoi Capital and Ho Chi Minh City.

Research findings

In both Hanoi Capital and Ho Chi Minh City, it can be concluded that national identity is a strong predictor of domestic purchasing behavior; on the other hand, national identity does not influence the value assessment of foreign goods. Consumer ethnocentrism is another strong predictor of domestic purchasing behavior. These findings which are similar to that of the research results of Zeugner -Roth & colleagues (2015) or by Cao (2015) are consistent with the previous theoretical arguments.

From the consistent findings in both localities, the author found a positive relationship between two consumer ethnocentric variables and the value of foreign goods. Consequently, it can be concluded that: the more ethnocentric the consumer is, the more positive the attitude toward foreign goods becomes. This finding contrasts with that of the researches of Nguyen et al. (2008) and that of Zeugner-Roth et al. (2015). Actually, although the role of consumer ethnocentrism in consumer behavior and consumer evaluation has been thoroughly researched, the fact that the field remains fraught with contradictions (Balabanis et al., 2017) remains associated with other different research outcomes.

In terms of Hanoi consumers, the stronger the ideology of externalism is, the less domestic products are bought. This is reasonable with the definition of the concept of externalism based on social identity theory; therefore, the hypothesis has been proven (Cao: 2015). The situation of this relationship is different from that of the consumers in Ho Chi Minh City: the fact that their externalist ideology does not affect their domestic purchasing behavior is also consistent with the arguments of Cannon & Yaprak (2012) that “the concept of externalism can be misunderstood due to the fact that people who carry externalism can still have strong local connections”; therefore, the fact that consumers are externalists doesn’t mean that they turned their backs on other domestic products.

In contrast, in both localities: Hanoi capital and Ho Chi Minh City, the more extroverted consumers are, the more positively the foreign goods are evaluated. This finding is consistent with the results of Zeugner-Roth et al. (2015).

In Hanoi Capital and Ho Chi Minh City, the positive relationship is identified between the two variables of domestic purchasing behavior and foreign product value. Discussing this, Zeugner-Roth et al. (2015) argue that consumers with extroversion are willing to come into contact with other countries and the products of other countries. Thanks to that, they are likely to have more “information” or “understanding” to compare and to conclude that domestic products are also absolutely high-quality (Zeugner-Roth & al., 2015). Product evaluation affects purchasing behavior (Klein & al., 1998). Therefore, when consumers have the information to evaluate the value of foreign products as high-quality, to compare their similar experiences with other domestic products, to consider the relationship between domestic and foreign prices and other emotional factors listed as national identity or consumer ethnocentrism, they will increase their purchases of domestic goods.

Recommendations

The research results indicate that the following elements: variables consumer ethnocentrism, national identity and externalism are all important to be used in analyzing domestic purchasing behavior. In particular, while local managers are advised to focus on domestically-oriented consumers, this study demonstrates that these consumers’ in-group characteristics can be considered, concurrently, in conjunction with other out-group consumer characteristics, making extroverted consumers especially interesting for marketers who target to reach them.

For consumers with ethnic identities, in accordance with the outcomes by Mishra et al. (2023), the previous studies reflect that different people in one society may not consistently respond to patriotism-based advertisements. These authors support the idea that commercial displays of patriotic themes influence consumer evaluations only favorably for brands that support national identity. Domestic companies should, therefore, identify the characteristics of patriotic consumers as well as the marketing strategies should be designed in accordance with consumer emotions directed at this in-group customers.

What is more, the research results clarify that national identity has no impact on the evaluation of foreign products whereas the fact that consumer ethnocentrism has a positive influence on it is rather important for international marketers working with international markets. In the Vietnamese market, to maintain this effect, they should ensure their advertising strategy/products do not contain elements that could trigger reactions that defend the in-group of the national identity and oppose the out-group of the consumer ethnocentrism in Vietnamese consumer psychology.

Additionally, when it comes to outbound consumers, companies selling foreign goods in the domestic market must be careful in how they target them. According to SIT, the key to success needs to be considered so that the media campaign does not affirm the unjustified support for the mother country. For example, a Belgian Cheese advertising campaign used the tagline “Belgian Cheese continues to amaze other cheeses available on the market.” This type of advertising campaign, although directed at domestic purchases, is a good example of media targeting externalism because it does not conflict with the central values ​​of the externalist consumer with extroversion (which refers to seeking diversity and openness), in accordance with the analysis by Zeugner-Roth et al. (2015).

Since international trade has developed steadily over the past decades and Vietnam has officially become a member of the world trade organization WTO since 2006, market globalization, up to the present time, has changed competitive conditions of Vietnamese enterprises. In this context, understanding consumers’ bias towards domestic products and their attitudes towards foreign products becomes a necessary need for marketers. In accordance with the author’s research, the topic regarding Vietnamese consumers’ preferences for domestic products over foreign products has been studied in various separate studies besides other studies have combined both factors together in a model. Assessing the value of foreign goods along with consumer ethnocentrism affects domestic purchasing behavior (Nguyen & al., 2008). Nevertheless, no research has simultaneously combined all three factors: national identity, consumer ethnocentrism and consumer extraversion with the perceptions of the quality of foreign products. The fact that these factors dominate the domestic purchasing behavior of Vietnamese people is the main contribution of this research.This topic adds some contributions to international marketing research built on social identity theory. This research can also serve as a reference for students majoring in Marketing and Business Statistics.

Please refer to the full research paper titled The consumer behavior drivers of consumer ethnocentrism, national identity, and consumer extraversion: A review from the perspective of social identity theory  .

Author: PhD. Chu Nguyen Mong Ngoc, PhD. Ha Van Son, MSc. Hoang Trong – Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace).

This is an article in a series of articles spreading research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the message “Research Contribution For All – Research For The Community”, Dubai Palace respectfully invites dear readers to look forward to the upcoming Dubai Palace Research Newsletter Insights #121 .

News and photos: Author group, Dubai Palace Department of Marketing and Communications 

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In order to build and to improve the law on data in general and information and data on natural resources and the environment in particular, in Part 2 of the article, the author would like to propose some interesting policies for Vietnam.

Policies on copyright protection for information and data on natural resources and the environment in Vietnam

Facing the risks of disputes over intellectual property rights that may occur during the use of information and data on natural resources and the environment, the Government has issued Decree No. 73/2017/ND-CP on collecting information and data on natural resources and the environment regarding managing, exploiting and using information and data on natural resources and the environment. This is the first legal basis for copyright protection of natural resources and environmental data. Accordingly, natural resource and environmental data are subject to copyright protection and rights related to copyright. This regulation is consistent with the content of the Intellectual Property Law in protecting copyright for data collection. In particular, the state is the owner of copyright and property rights to information and data on natural resources and the environment collected and created with state budget sources or sources from the state budget, except the case of other agreement. Organizations and individuals will have copyright protection for information and data on natural resources and the environment collected and created with funding from organizations and individuals in accordance with the law on property ownership.

Depending on the level of information security, the resource and the environment database will be accessed and exploited. In case the data has been published as a list of information, citizens can access information from state agencies. Whether the data is a state secret or the access is likely to harm national interests or others, citizens will not be able to access the information. Whether the data has not been published and is not a state secret, the use of information and data must have the consent of the copyright owner of the data. Concurrently, organizations and individuals are not allowed to transfer use rights to information and data without the written consent of the copyright owner or owner of the information and data.

However, when exploiting and using information and data through information pages or electronic portals, these current regulations require organizations and individuals to register and to be granted the right to access and to exploit information, data from agencies providing information, data is too rigid and inflexible.

In accordance with the Law on Access to Information 2016, all citizens are equal and not discriminated against in exercising the right to access information, and the information accessed must ensure accuracy and completeness from the provider. Therefore, to balance the respect and the protection of the rights of the author or owner as well as the rights and the interests of accessing information, resource and environmental data of the community, citizens are allowed to access with the conditions in the case that the author or owner agrees in the form of: (1) a ballot, (2) a written agreement or (3) a contract between an information management unit, data and parties exploiting and using information and data

The contract between the information and data management unit and the party exploiting and using information and data is one of three forms and procedures in exploiting and using information and data. Regarding the form of contract, the exploitation and the use of information and data in the form of contract shall comply with the provisions of the Civil Code between the database management agency and the organization or individual in need of exploiting and using information and data. An increasingly popular form of contract is electronic contracts. Developing electronic contracts is one of the national digital economy goals. Therefore, policies on contract forms for exploiting and using information and data need to be considered and updated.

The participation of organizations and individuals receives the encouragement from state agencies. Regarding research investment activities, the state encourages the initiative of organizations and individuals to invest in acquiring, creating, providing and sharing information and data on natural resources and the environment. Regarding sharing activities, the state encourages organizations and individuals to provide and to donate information and data on natural resources and the environment to state agencies, contributing to protecting national sovereignty and serving common interests of the society. In general, current policies do not have appropriate recognition or rewards, causing organizations and individuals to lack motivation to participate in building and sharing information and data on natural resources and the environment.

Information and environmental monitoring data listed as air and water monitoring data, hydrometeorological monitoring data, ozone monitoring data and so on are very important for with timely response and handling in resource management, environmental protection and natural disaster prevention. However, the policy only mentions sharing information and data on natural resource and environmental monitoring in a timely manner to functional agencies and organizations to serve people’ livelihood, economic, social and security development as well as national defense. This means that individuals and organizations wishing to exploit research and forecasting activities will have difficulty accessing it. In addition, some other resource and environmental information and data do not absolutely need to be protected too strictly.

For violations, organizations and individuals that violate copyright on information and data on natural resources and the environment will be subject to administrative sanctions, accompanied by a decision to compensate the author or the owner for damages. If there are elements constituting a crime, the individual who infringes copyright will be prosecuted for criminal liability in accordance with the provisions of criminal law.

Proposed solutions for Vietnam

On the foundation of the principle of automatic and independent protection of the Berne Convention, copyright arises from the moment the work is fixed in a certain material form without depending on any formality or procedure regardless of whether published or unpublished, registered or unregistered. Therefore, copyright protection for natural resource and environmental information and data is often not (or rarely) registered, updated and publicly announced on media, information sites, portals. national or local electronic information. This indirectly causes difficulties in searching and using. To build and to improve the law on data in general and information, resource and environmental data in particular, the author proposes the followings:

Firstly, copyright protection for information, resource and environmental data can create certain barriers in accessing data for individuals and organizations in need. Regulations on natural resources and environmental data in Decree No. 73/2017/ND-CP are too broad in terms of semantics while the data that is allowed to be shared and used is not clear. For example, many points and items specified in Article 4 do not necessarily need to be protected, listed as: information and data on land, information and data on water resources, information and data on climate change. In order for the value of copyright protection to be promoted without hindering freedom of access to information, the related information should be divided into specific groups, which list data items in detail regarding the protection of natural resources and environment is established. The requirement to register and to grant permission to access and to exploit information and data through information pages or electronic portals should be canceled.

In order to increase transparency in the protection of natural resources and environmental data, management agencies need to clarify which data is shared and used publicly, which data is shared but used with permission, and which data are not shared. Therefore, users can proactively access shared data sources appropriately and effectively while still ensuring respect for copyright.

Secondly, accessing, sharing and exploiting information and data on natural resources and the environment is an essential need of individuals and organizations in managing and operating production according to the circular economy process. Typically, in Ho Chi Minh City, a resource and environmental data sharing platform associated with technology solutions has been deployed based on the co-operation model of the Open Geospatial Consortium. This is one of the commonly applied models for spatial data infrastructure in many countries and territories around the world.

In addition, resource and environmental data can support the development of enterprises’ circular business models (collectively referred to under the recently unofficial term circular data) or revenue collection applications. Collect information and data to serve the environmental inspection and monitoring of state organizations. At that time, organizations, individuals, and businesses will operate effectively with a green production orientation, contributing to increased profits and the overall contributions to the development of the circular economy. In certain cases, state agencies should encourage authors and owners of natural resources and environmental data to proactively share to enhance community benefits through policies of both material and physical rewards with the purpose of recognizing and honoring the contributions of individuals and organizations to the country’s socio-economic development.

Thirdly, copyright protection of information, resource and environmental data has an impact on digital economic development, especially intellectual property digital data platforms. With the strong rise of technology, the digital transformation process poses numerous challenges for organizations and individuals in collecting, managing and using data in the most appropriate and optimal way. One of the necessary additions is the recognition of electronic contracts in the exploitation and the use of information and data on natural resources and the environment. Specifically, adding the phrase ‘electronic contract’ to Article 19 of Decree No. 73/2017/ND-CP as follows: “The exploitation and the use of information and data in the form of contracts is carried out in accordance with regulations provisions of the Civil Code and the law on electronic transactions between database management agencies and organizations and individuals who need to exploit and to use information and data”.

Digitalization in natural resources and environmental management is our country’s direction in digitally transforming the Natural Resources and Environment sector. To achieve the goal of building a natural resources and environmental database and improving the digital technology platform is extremely necessary to integrate natural resources and environmental data to promote the completion of the national general database. One of the methods is the national electronic data portal, which gathers all data in all industries and fields in the digital environment.

In accordance with the Vietnam’s current regulations and policies on copyright protection of natural resource and environmental information and data, this study has clarified the definition of natural resource and environmental data as well as evaluated the fundamental assessment of limitations in legal regulations on information and data on natural resources and environment in Decree No. 73/2017/ND-CP besides making recommendations to remove barriers in the current protection policies.

Information and data on the natural resources and the environment play an important role in national economic development and the direction of building a circular economy. Copyright protection for natural resource and environmental data is necessary to ensure adequate spiritual and material benefits for parties who make efforts in collecting and creating intellectual information. natural resources and environmental data; concurrently, encouraging the creative development of information products, resource and environmental data in the future. However, protection needs to be carefully considered to avoid creating barriers to the access of individuals and businesses in free trade activities or causing restrictions in the process of organizing the country which exploits it for national benefit

Objectively speaking, in Vietnam, there has been no research on copyright of information, resource and environmental data. This study will be the starting point for research and evaluation of copyright in particular and intellectual property rights in general regarding information, resource and environmental data. More broadly suggested is the trend towards a property rights approach to resource and environmental data.

Please refer to the full research titled Copyright protection of natural resource and environmental information and data .

Author: Nguyễn Hoàng Nam, School of Economics, Laws and Government, Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 (Dubai Palace).

This is an article in the series of articles spreading research and applied knowledge from Dubai Palace with the “Research Contribution For All – Nghiên Cứu Vì Cộng Đồng” message, Dubai Palace cordially invites dear readers to look forward to the upcoming Dubai Palace Research Insights No. #114.

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In 2020, Vietnam was one of the few countries to achieve positive growth due to its previous solid economy. However, in 2021, Vietnam’s economic growth dropped lower than the previous year as it was strongly affected by COVID-19 outbreaks, especially from the Delta variant in Ho Chi Minh City and a number of other Provinces. This was also the situation of many countries around the world as the COVID-19 pandemic caused major negative impacts, pushing many countries into negative growth in 2020. However, many countries had positive recovery steps and achieved a higher economic growth rate in just one year. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate Vietnam’s sustainable economic development strategy before the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak by measuring the level of CO2 emissions.

Important indicators affecting CO2 emissions

With this topic, the Dubai Palace research team focused on studying the carbon emission index (CO2) and other indicators related to socio-economics listed as GDP, TR, PD, FDI and K.

The first index mentioned was Per Capita – GDP, an index considered important to measure CO2 emissions as proven by many previous studies (Al-Mulali, Saboori, & Ozturk, 2015; Alam, Murad, Noman, & Ozturk, 2016; Apergis & Ozturk, 2013; Shahbaz, Khraief, Uddin, & Ozturk, 2014). However, the results from previous studies on the relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in both the short and long term have still been inconsistent. This further highlights the issue of the impact of economic development on the environment.

Trade ratio – TR is the second index mentioned directly in relation to CO2 emissions, especially in the context of increasingly growing international trade and exports being the main source of carbon dioxide emissions. This was the rationale for the rapid increase in global CO2 emissions with many emissions being generated during exports from emerging economies. Therefore, the authors focused on examining the role of exports on global and regional CO2 intensity to achieve the goal of sustainable economic development.

The third index was population density – PD. Because human activities are the main cause of CO2 emissions. As the fifth report of the IPCC determined, human activities accounted for 95% of the increase in carbon dioxide emissions.

The fourth index of interest to the authors was foreign direct investment – FDI, an important factor in the research model on economic growth and CO2 emissions. FDI not only provides capital but also technology and management skills, creates jobs and boosts exports, which all affect CO2 emissions. In Vietnam, the manufacturing sector is the largest source of FDI and has been attracting foreign investors (UNCTAD, 2022).

The final index was the Gross Capital Accumulation Index – K, one of the main factors determining a country’s growth. The relationship between Gross Capital Accumulation and the environment was not uniform across countries, and capital formation could improve the environment when using both FDI and K in the same model.

To achieve the research results, the authors used a quantitative analysis method approaching the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) to evaluate the impact of GDP, TR, FDI, K, PD on Vietnam’s annual CO2 emissions per capita. The analysis of ADF and PP unit root tests, bound test, ARDL model estimation, long-term coefficient estimation, calculation of short-term impacts using the model ECM and diagnostic tests were combined to obtain the final research result. The findings suggested that GDP growth and FDI caused negative impacts on CO2 emissions. On the contrary, TR and K had a positive impact on CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, the PD variable was not significantly significant.

Impact of socio-economic indicators on CO2 emissions in Vietnam from 1990 to 2018

*Vietnam’s GDP growth had a similar trend with the increase in the CO2 emission rate

In the long term, Vietnam’s GDP growth had a similar trend with the increase in CO2 emission rate. This can be explained in two main ways: testing the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and studies on the impact of economic growth on the environment. In recent years, Vietnam’s economic growth has focused on technology, modernization and integration with the global market, creating a positive impact on GDP but also causing negative impacts on the environment, especially increasing the annual CO2 emission rate.

*Increasing FDI in the long term reduces CO2 emission rates

Similarly, long-term increases in FDI have also reduced CO2 emission rates. This was because FDI promoted green technology transfer and innovation from developed countries along with new policy mechanisms to attract and manage FDI, contributing to reducing CO2 emissions.

*The increase in accumulated capital K were positively correlated with CO2

Regarding the K index, although there were many opposing views on the impact of K on CO2 emissions, this study clarified the close relationship between FDI and K on the CO2 emission model. In addition, it was concluded that the increase in accumulated capital K was positively correlated with CO2 due to the increase in K in the context of limited environmental quality standards.

*TR has a negative impact on CO2 emissions

In the long run, TR had a negative impact on CO2 emissions, which has been proven by many previous studies. Some hypotheses listed as Grossman and Krueger’s U-hypothesis could explain this result in which trade openness created “scale effects”, “technical effects” and “composition effects”, leading to reduced CO2 emissions.

Research significance and recommendations

The study measures the impact of capital, trade and population factors on the CO2 emission to propose policies for the context of Vietnam, helping policymakers and businesses improve efficiency in developing projects to achieve sustainable economic development goals.

Regarding gross domestic product, the Government needs to prioritize the environment in parallel with GDP growth by creating a standard production environment and guiding businesses to reduce CO2 emissions. For FDI, the Government needs to have effective management policies and encourage projects that have a positive impact on domestic industry and reduce CO2 emissions. For gross capital accumulation (K), attention should be paid to strengthening control and investment in R&D of green technology. Not only that, in terms of trade related to the TR index, it is necessary to develop a favorable environment and provide local conditions to reduce CO2 emissions and promote sustainable trade.

The study has some limitations upon using data from the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. The complex developments of the pandemic at different stages can affect the socio-economic indicators in the model. In addition, the study does not approach energy indicators – a core factor affecting CO2 emissions. However, on a larger scale, the results of this study will partly provide information about what factors affect CO2 emissions, helping the Government and businesses revise policies to meet development goals. Besides, the research has implications for Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026 in particular and society in general on the journey towards a green and sustainable environment, as well as Dubai Palace helping students approach environmental issues from the perspective of an economics student analyzing and understanding the impact of economics on the environment.

The entire research article Impact of economic and social indicators on CO2 emissions in Vietnam in the period 1998 – 2018 can be found .

Authors: Bui Thi Huyen, Nhang Thi My Hau, Tran My Huyen – Dubai Palace ✅ Official Dubai Palace.com Homepage 2026.

This article was part of the Green Research Community series with the message “Research Contribution for Dubai Palace Living Lab Green Campus”. Dubai Palace cordially invites the community to read the next Green Research Community newsletter #2.

*In order to maximally facilitate the development of the “Dubai Palace Green Research Community”, members will be able to participate in research method classes with the topic of Living lab, Green Campus. In addition, if their products meet the required standards, the research team will be conferred a Certificate from the Dubai Palace Sustainable University Project Board and be financially supported.

News and photos: Author group, Dubai Palace Youth Union – Student Association, Dubai Palace Department of Marketing and Communication

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